belgique cote d'ivoire historique

Crime rose dramatically in Abidjan as an influx of villagers exacerbated unemployment caused by the recession.[46]. [115] The majority of students in secondary education are male. Ivory Coast stood out as the only West African country with a sizeable population of settlers; elsewhere in West and Central Africa, the French and British were largely bureaucrats. Cote d'Ivoire, also known as theIvory Coast, is a country in West Africa, with Yamoussoukro serving as its political capital and Abidjan serving as its economic capital. In World War II, the Vichy regime remained in control until 1942, when British troops invaded without much resistance. https://www.thoughtco.com/very-short-history-of-cote-divoire-43647 (accessed April 1, 2021). [116], According to the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Ivory Coast devotes about 0.13% of GDP to GERD. [44] For 20 years, the economy maintained an annual growth rate of nearly 10%—the highest of Africa's non-oil-exporting countries. Ivorians have a particular kind of small, open-air restaurant called a maquis, which is unique to the region. [83], In 2015, the United Nations engineered the Sustainable Development Goals (replacing the Millennium Development Goals). Unlike Houphouët-Boigny, who was very careful to avoid any ethnic conflict and left access to administrative positions open to immigrants from neighbouring countries, Bedié emphasized the concept of Ivoirité to exclude his rival Alassane Ouattara, who had two northern Ivorian parents, from running for future presidential election. It finally split into smaller chiefdoms. The French built naval bases to keep out non-French traders and began a systematic pacification of the interior to stop raids on their settlements. The existing and later reformed constitution [under Guéï] did not allow noncitizens to run for the presidency. Early in November 2004, after the peace agreement had effectively collapsed because the rebels refused to disarm, Gbagbo ordered airstrikes against the rebels. [91] Ivory Coast also has 100,000 rubber farmers who earned a total of $105 million in 2012. The Ghana Empire, the earliest of the Sudanic empires, flourished in the region encompassing present-day southeast Mauritania and southern Mali between the 4th and 13th centuries. Laurent Gbagbo as president ran against former Prime Minister Alassane Ouattara. The coast that the French named the Côte d'Ivoire and the Portuguese named the Costa Do Marfim —both, literally, mean "Coast of Ivory"— lay between what was known as the Guiné de Cabo Verde, so-called "Upper Guinea" at Cap-Vert, and Lower Guinea. Location. Houphouët-Boigny ruled Côte d'Ivoire for 33 years, was a respected African statesman, and on his death was Africa's longest-serving president. The southern terminals of the trans-Saharan trade routes were located on the edge of the desert, and from there supplemental trade extended as far south as the edge of the rain forest. [35], The earliest known inhabitants of Ivory Coast have left traces scattered throughout the territory. Life expectancy at birth was 42 for males in 2004; for females it was 47. Apart from low investment, other challenges include inadequate scientific equipment, the fragmentation of research organizations and a failure to exploit and protect research results. [51], A peace accord between the government and the rebels, or New Forces, was signed on 4 March 2007, and subsequently Guillaume Soro, leader of the New Forces, became prime minister. Talking drums are also common, especially among the Appolo, and polyrhythms, another African characteristic, are found throughout Ivory Coast and are especially common in the southwest. Unemployment rates raised to 9.4% in 2012. Houphouët-Boigny became increasingly feeble, and died in 1993. Ivory Coast has won two Africa Cups: one in 1992 and the other in 2015. The territory of the Mali Empire in Ivory Coast was limited to the north-west corner around Odienné. [54], The African Union sent Thabo Mbeki, former President of South Africa, to mediate the conflict. In 1999 Bédié was overthrown by a military coup. His accomplice, Michael Barry Shor, an international trader, was located in Virginia. For other uses, see, According to the 2014 Census in Ivory Coast, Many governments use "Côte d'Ivoire" for diplomatic reasons, as do their outlets, such as the Chinese CCTV News. That the French were helping either side was not established as a fact, but each side accused the French of supporting the opposite side. The area became a protectorate of France in 1843 and was consolidated as a French colony in 1893 amid the European scramble for Africa. The French responded to Samori Ture's expansion and conquest with military pressure. French citizenship was granted to all African "subjects", the right to organize politically was recognized, and various forms of forced labour were abolished. Ethnic groups in Ivory Coast include Akan (42.1%), Voltaiques or Gur (17.6%), Northern Mandés (16.5%), Krous (11%), Southern Mandés (10%), and others (2.8%, including 100,000 Lebanese[102] and 45,000 French; 2004). In total, there are around 78 different languages spoken in Ivory Coast. The latter organisation changed to the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) in 1975. The work force took a hit, especially in the private sector, during the early 2000s due to the numerous economic crises since 1999. Adherents of Islam (mostly Sunni) represented 42.9% of the total population in 2014, while followers of Christianity (mostly Catholic and Evangelical) represented 33.9% of the population. [108] In 2009, according to U.S. Department of State estimates, Christians and Muslims each made up 35 to 40% of the population, while an estimated 25% of the population practised traditional (animist) religions.[109]. Until the period following World War II, governmental affairs in French West Africa were administered from Paris. [76] It had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 3.64/10, ranking it 143rd globally out of 172 countries.[77]. That same year, France named Treich-Laplène titular governor of the territory. Such groups included the Ehotilé (Aboisso), Kotrowou (Fresco), Zéhiri (Grand Lahou), Ega and Diès (Divo).[36]. Ivory Coast's political capital is Yamoussoukro in the centre of the country, while its economic capital and largest city is the port city of Abidjan. of North African (Berber) traders, who, from early Roman times, conducted a caravan trade across the Sahara in salt, slaves, gold, and other goods. Although Kong became a prosperous centre of agriculture, trade, and crafts, ethnic diversity and religious discord gradually weakened the kingdom. Alistair Boddy-Evans is a teacher and African history scholar with more than 25 years of experience. [60] UN and French forces took military action against Gbagbo. The battle for the main gendarmerie barracks in Abidjan lasted until mid-morning, but by lunchtime, the government forces had secured Abidjan. The Parliament of Ivory Coast, consists of the indirectly elected Senate and the National Assembly which has 255 members, elected for five-year terms. Its slow decline starting at the end of the 14th century followed internal discord and revolts by vassal states, one of which, Songhai, flourished as an empire between the 14th and 16th centuries. Job markets decreasing posed as a huge issue in Ivory Coast society as unemployment rates grew. [110] Twelve physicians are available per 100,000 people. Relatively stable by regional standards, Ivory Coast established close political and economic ties with its West African neighbours while at the same time maintaining close relations to the West, especially France. The region transferred from Vichy to Free French control in 1943, under the command of Charles de Gaulle. In the city of Duékoué, hundreds of people were killed. After the assimilation doctrine was implemented through the postwar reforms, though, Ivoirian leaders realized that even assimilation implied the superiority of the French over the Ivoirians. Ivory Coast thus maintains diplomatic relations with international organizations and countries all around the world. A few Ivorian artists who have known international success are Magic Système, Alpha Blondy, Meiway, Dobet Gnahoré, Tiken Jah Fakoly, DJ Arafat,AfroB, Serge Beynaud and Christina Goh, of Ivorian descent. ", "Ivory Coast reaps more rubber as farmers shift from cocoa", "Cote d'Ivoire | Office of the United States Trade Representative", 2013 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor in Côte d'Ivoire, "Republic of Côte d'Ivoire National Statistical Institute", Enquête Démographique et de Santé et à Indicateurs Multiples, "Ivory Coast Unemployment Rate | 1998–2017 | Data | Chart | Calendar", "Des investisseurs libanais à Abidjan pour investir en Afrique", "WHO Country Offices in the WHO African Region", "Female genital mutilation and other harmful practices", "Country Comparison :: Maternal Mortality Rate", "Country Comparison :: HIV/AIDS – Adult Prevalence Rate", "Population, Health, and Human Well-Being-- Côte d'Ivoire", "Ivory Coast, Côte d'Ivoire: Cuisine and Recipes", Official website of the Government of Ivory Coast, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights, African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights, Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique, Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivory_Coast&oldid=1014293628, Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative, French-speaking countries and territories, Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, States and territories established in 1960, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012, CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Articles needing additional references from September 2018, All articles needing additional references, Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text, All articles with vague or ambiguous time, Vague or ambiguous time from September 2018, Vague or ambiguous geographic scope from September 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2008, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2018, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Library of Congress Country Studies, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the World Factbook, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the United States Department of State Background Notes, Pages using Sister project links with wikidata mismatch, Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Articles with French-language sources (fr), Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz area identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with multiple identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 26 March 2021, at 08:02. Although most of the fighting ended by late 2004, the country remained split in two, with the north controlled by the New Forces. In 1843–4, French admiral Louis Edouard Bouët-Willaumez signed treaties with the kings of the Grand Bassam and Assinie regions, making their territories a French protectorate. Despite the breakup of their kingdom, the Baoulé strongly resisted French subjugation. 3: 2006, 2010, 2014. PANDEMIE COVID-19 Services consulaires : L'Ambassade de Belgique à Abidjan est ouverte au public uniquement sur rendez-vous, à prendre via le lien suivant :. [58][59], The 2010 presidential election led to the 2010–2011 Ivorian crisis and the Second Ivorian Civil War. [86], In 2017, Ivory Coast signed the UN treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons. France sent in troops to maintain the cease-fire boundaries,[47] and militias, including warlords and fighters from Liberia and Sierra Leone, took advantage of the crisis to seize parts of the west. As people originating from foreign countries are a large part of the Ivoirian population, this policy excluded many people from Ivoirian nationality, and the relationship between various ethnic groups became strained, which resulted in two civil wars in the following decades. When Houphouët-Boigny became the first president, his government gave farmers good prices for their products to further stimulate production, which was further boosted by a significant immigration of workers from surrounding countries. The most popular sport in Ivory Coast is association football. French explorers, missionaries, trading companies, and soldiers gradually extended the area under French control inland from the lagoon region. The trading post at Grand Bassam in Ivory Coast was left in the care of a shipper from Marseille, Arthur Verdier, who in 1878 was named Resident of the Establishment of Ivory Coast.[37]. It is estimated that 70 languages are spoken in Ivory Coast. The country is the largest economy in the West African Economic and Monetary Union, constituting 40% of the monetary union's total GDP. The women's football team played in the 2015 Women's World Cup in Canada. Our knowledge of the early history of the region now known as Côte d'Ivoire is limited—there is some evidence of Neolithic activity, but mush still needs to be done in investigating this. At the peak of its power in the 11th century, its realms extended from the Atlantic Ocean to Timbuktu. In 1990 a new constitution was introduced enabling opposition parties to contest a general election—Houphouët-Boigny still won the elections with a significant lead. Eight years after the post-election crisis and despite relative stability favoured by economic growth, the situation in Côte d’Ivoire remains fragile due to ongoing insurrections and mutinies between security forces and demobilized soldiers. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/very-short-history-of-cote-divoire-43647. Scores en direct. The Muslim Kong Empire was established by the Jola in the early 18th century in the north-central region inhabited by the Sénoufo, who had fled Islamization under the Mali Empire. As a result, French citizens owned one-third of the cocoa, coffee, and banana plantations and adopted the local forced-labour system. President Gbagbo cut short his trip to Italy and on his return stated, in a television address, that some of the rebels were hiding in the shanty towns where foreign migrant workers lived. Côte d’Ivoire : Abidjan, 25 oct 2017 (AFP) - La Côte d'Ivoire et la Belgique ont signé mercredi une série d'accords économiques, au terme d'une visite de trois jours d'une importante délégation belge, a rapporté un journaliste de l'AFP. Between the years 1944–1946 many national conferences and constituent assemblies took place between France's Vichy regime and provisional governments in Ivory Coast. Denguélé (Odienné) 5. In 1887, Lieutenant Louis Gustave Binger began a two-year journey that traversed parts of Ivory Coast's interior. Many Ivoirians saw the tax as a violation of the protectorate treaties because they felt that France was demanding the equivalent of a coutume from the local kings, rather than the reverse. WASH focuses on safe drinkable water, hygiene, and proper sanitation. In addition 19.1% of Ivorians claimed to be irreligious, and 3.6% reported following traditional African religions. Many felt the millions of dollars spent transforming his home village, Yamoussoukro, into the new political capital were wasted; others supported his vision to develop a centre for peace, education, and religion in the heart of the country. Côte d'Ivoire (which means "Ivory Coast") is a West African country bordering the North Atlantic Ocean between Ghana and Liberia. He tightened his hold over political life, jailing several hundred opposition supporters. [50] The UN Security Council endorsed another one-year extension of Gbagbo's term on 1 November 2006; however, the resolution provided for strengthening of Prime Minister Charles Konan Banny's powers. Houphouët-Boigny died on 7 December 1993. Public universities are accredited by the African and Madagascar Council on Higher education (CAMES) and conform to the rigorous and high profile norms of this continental body. [110] Infant mortality was 118 of 1000 live births. By 1979, the country was the world's leading producer of cocoa. Côte d'Ivoire has been reorganized so that the secondary divisions are now 31 regions and two autonomous districts. civil war. [95], Ivory Coast's first national census in 1975 counted 6.7 million inhabitants. In 2015, the cumulative housing deficit in Cote d’Ivoire was estimated at 1 million. France's main goal was to stimulate the production of exports. Chicken is commonly consumed and has a unique flavor due to its lean, low-fat mass in this region. French technicians contributed to the "Ivoirian miracle". An Ivorian military spokesman said, "The air, land, and sea border of the country are closed to all movement of people and goods. This division of work encouraged farmers and the agricultural sector. History. [56], In 2010, a colonel of Ivory Coast armed forces, Nguessan Yao, was arrested in New York in a year-long U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement operation charged with procuring and illegal export of weapons and munitions: 4,000 9 mm handguns, 200,000 rounds of ammunition, and 50,000 tear-gas grenades, in violation of a UN embargo. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons", "Côte d'Ivoire: Financial Sector Profile", "Ivory Coast Makes 1st Cocoa Export Since January", "Ivory Coast San Pedro Port Sees Cocoa Exports Stagnating", "Time to Get Ready for a Smaller Hershey Bar? In late 1999, a group of dissatisfied officers staged a military coup, putting General Robert Guéï in power. It achieved independence in 1960, led by Félix Houphouët-Boigny, who ruled the country until 1993. Coffee production increased significantly, catapulting Ivory Coast into third place in world output, behind Brazil and Colombia. Bedié fled into exile in France. The rebels threatened to move on Abidjan again, and France deployed troops from its base in the country to stop their advance. Twenty-four national research programmes group public and private research and training institutions around a common research theme. Compared to neighbouring Ghana, Ivory Coast, though practising slavery and slave raiding, suffered little from the slave trade. [96] Until 1998 the country's population increased to 15,366,672,[97] 20,617,068 in 2009,[2] and 23,919,000 in July 2014. The first round of elections was held peacefully, and widely hailed as free and fair. One of the most common is Dyula, which acts as a trade language, as well as a language commonly spoken by the Muslim population. Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}8°N 5°W / 8°N 5°W / 8; -5. www.fif-ci.com. It was a colony and an overseas territory under the Third Republic. In the early 1980s, the world recession and a local drought sent shock waves through the Ivoirian economy. It borders Liberia and Guinea in the west, Mali and Burkina Faso in the north, Ghana in the east, and the Gulf of Guinea (Atlantic Ocean) in the south. A government of national unity was formed by General Robert Guéi, and in October 2000 Laurent Gbagbo, for the Front Populaire Ivoirien (FPI or Ivorian Popular Front), was elected president. A later report concluded the killings were planned. Under this policy, the Africans in Ivory Coast were allowed to preserve their own customs insofar as they were compatible with French interests, such as the recent abolition of the slave trade. History. Through the production of coffee and cocoa, the country was an economic powerhouse in West Africa during the 1960s and 1970s, though it went through an economic crisis in the 1980s, contributing to a period of political and social turmoil. Runoffs were held 28 November 2010, after being delayed one week from the original date of 21 November. It also became Africa's leading exporter of pineapples and palm oil. These events were seen by some observers as substantially strengthening Gbagbo's position. Mafé is a common dish consisting of meat in a peanut sauce.[117]. In the last couple of years, with his health failing, backroom negotiations attempted to find someone who would be able to take over Houphouët-Boigny's legacy and Henri Konan Bédié was selected. It is the most biodiverse country in West Africa, with the majority of its wildlife populating living in the nation's rugged interior. What exactly happened that night is also disputed. [98], According to 2012 government survey, the fertility rate was 5.0 children born per woman, with 3.7 in urban areas and 6.3 in rural areas.[99]. France's policy in West Africa was reflected mainly in its philosophy of "association", meaning that all Africans in Ivory Coast were officially French "subjects", but without rights to representation in Africa or France. [18][14][20][17] It retained the name through French rule and independence in 1960. A Very Short History of Côte D'Ivoire. The United Nations Security Council adopted a resolution recognising Alassane Ouattara as winner of the elections, based on the position of the Economic Community of West African States, which suspended Ivory Coast from all its decision-making bodies[55] while the African Union also suspended the country's membership. In the city of Abidjan alone, the housing deficit grows from 40,000 to 50,000 units per year. [117] It is usually cooked in a pottery jar called a canary, over a slow fire, or cooked in an oven. Many, especially in the interior, also considered the tax a humiliating symbol of submission. In response, the Gbagbo-aligned Constitutional Council rejected the declaration, and the government announced that country's borders had been sealed. In October 1995, Bédié overwhelmingly won re-election against a fragmented and disorganised opposition. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention () has issued a Level 3 Travel Health Notice for Cote d’Ivoire due to COVID-19. Popular music genres from Ivory Coast include zoblazo, zouglou, and Coupé-Décalé. Activity along the coast stimulated European interest in the interior, especially along the two great rivers, the Senegal and the Niger. Bondoukou developed into a major centre of commerce and Islam. Worldwide, Ivorian diplomacy is committed to fair economic and trade relations, including the fair trade of agricultural products and the promotion of peaceful relations with all countries. Bas-Sassandra (San-Pédro) 4. Most Ivoirians, however, were classified as French subjects and were governed under the principle of association. Ivory Coast is a West African state bordering Ghana in the east, Burkina Faso, Mali in the north, and Guinea and Liberia in the east. His opponents argued it was illegal for president Ouattara to run for a third term. Among those offering greatest resistance was Samori Ture, who in the 1880s and 1890s was conquering his neighbours, re-establishing slavery and founding the Wassoulou Empire, which extended over large parts of present-day Guinea, Mali, Burkina Faso, and Ivory Coast. For university records, Cote d’Ivoire has four main public universities and a large number of private universities and advanced business schools. About 4% of the population is of non-African ancestry. Religion in Ivory Coast (2017 estimate)[1][107], Ivory Coast is religiously diverse. Abidjan – Côte d’Ivoire Tel. 400m metre runner Gabriel Tiacoh won the silver medal in the men's 400 metres at the 1984 Olympics. Watch Queue Queue He was criticized for his emphasis on developing large-scale projects. In general, documents are restricted for 50 years. The earliest recorded European voyage to West Africa was made by the Portuguese in 1482. Bafing (Touba) 3. Legislation. Self-employment policy, established by the Ivorian government, allowed for very strong growth in the field with an increase of 142% in seven years from 1995.[101]. Website. [citation needed], The defeat of France in the Franco-Prussian War in 1871 and the subsequent annexation by Germany of the French province of Alsace-Lorraine caused the French government to abandon its colonial ambitions and withdraw its military garrisons from its West African trading posts, leaving them in the care of resident merchants. Some of them thought that discrimination and political inequality would end only with independence; others thought the problem of the division between the tribal culture and modernity would continue.[42]. In the sport of athletics, well known participants include Marie-josée Ta Lou and Murielle Ahouré. A presidential election was held in October 2000 in which Laurent Gbagbo vied with Guéï, but it was not peaceful. Before its colonization by Europeans, Ivory Coast was home to several states, including Gyaaman, the Kong Empire and Baoulé. [61] Gbagbo was taken into custody after a raid into his residence on 11 April 2011. International organizations reported numerous human-rights violations by both sides. The districts are divided into 31 regions; the regions are divided into 108 departments; and the departments are divided into 510 sub-prefectures. This article is about the West African country. The government claimed that former president Robert Guéï led a coup attempt, and state TV showed pictures of his dead body in the street; counter-claims stated that he and 15 others had been murdered at his home, and his body had been moved to the streets to incriminate him. Uniform. The new leadership reduced crime and corruption, and the generals pressed for austerity and campaigned in the streets for a less wasteful society. The arrangement was not entirely satisfactory to the French, because trade was limited and misunderstandings over treaty obligations often arose. "A Very Short History of Côte D'Ivoire." [49] With the late-October deadline approaching in 2006, the election was regarded as very unlikely to be held by that point, and the opposition and the rebels rejected the possibility of another term extension for Gbagbo. In 1990, hundreds of civil servants went on strike, joined by students protesting institutional corruption. Alassane Ouattara took refuge in the German embassy; his home had been burned down. Houphouët-Boigny's one-party rule was not amenable to political competition. Continental Titles. In December 1999, a military coup - the first ever in Cote d'Ivoire's history - overthrew the government. Though UN peacekeepers were deployed to maintain a "Zone of Confidence", relations between Gbagbo and the opposition continued to deteriorate. In 2000, the country adopted a new constitution. In the early hours of 19 September 2002, while the President was in Italy, an armed uprising occurred. Around the same time, the first indigenous political group was formed: Félix Houphouët-Boigny's Syndicat Agricole Africain (SAA, African Agricultural Syndicate), which represented African farmers and landowners. Governmental reforms were established by late 1946, which granted French citizenship to all African "subjects" under the colonial control of the French. Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Boulevard Agoulevant, BP V109, Abidjan – Plateau National Archives, 1 rue van Vollenhoven, BP V-126, Abidjan . 10, affecting FIPS PUB 10-4, was issued on 2006-03-23. The kingdom's Quranic scholars attracted students from all parts of West Africa. Une vingtaine d'accords privés et publics ont été signés mardi et mercredi, dont ceux impliquant l'Etat ivoirien au palais présidentiel Through the production of coffee and cocoa, the country was an economic powerhouse in West Africa during the 1960s and 1970s, though it went through an economic crisis in the 1980s, contributing to a … [21] The name had long since been translated literally into other languages,[d] which the post-independence government considered increasingly troublesome whenever its international dealings extended beyond the Francophone sphere. After 1930, a small number of Westernized Ivoirians were granted the right to apply for French citizenship. An indigenous elite trained in French administrative practice formed an intermediary group between French and Africans. ThoughtCo, Aug. 26, 2020, thoughtco.com/very-short-history-of-cote-divoire-43647. Laurent Gbagbo, who would become the president of Ivory Coast in 2000, had to flee the country in the 1980s, after he incurred the ire of Houphouët-Boigny by founding the Front Populaire Ivoirien. The Abron kingdom of Gyaaman was established in the 15th century by an Akan group, the Abron, who had fled the developing Ashanti confederation of Asanteman in what is present-day Ghana. The first recorded history appears[when?] [110] About a quarter of the population lives below the international poverty line of US$1.25 a day. Villagers subsisted on agriculture and hunting. Zaouli is a popular music and dance practised by the Guro communities of the Bouaflé and Zuénoula departments of Côte d’Ivoire. The report of the results led to severe tension and violent incidents. Dix-Huit Montagnes (Man) 6. France's imposition of a head tax in 1900 to support the colony's public works program provoked unexpected protests. Elections were finally held in 2010. 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